Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study
One of the more
conservative and culture-based countries in Asia is Japan. Also known as “The Land of the Rising Sun,”
Japan is a haven of culture and arts which makes this small country proud of
its heritage. Throughout its history,
Japan had managed to overcome various adversities by being resilient from
internal and external variables. In
addition, the strong sense of nationalism among the Japanese paved way to an
onward development, which in turn, led to Japan’s rise to power.
Now one aspect that the
Japanese values the most is culture.
Along with this are the various dominant traditions which served as
strict guidelines to them. These dictate
how one must act and live his life; hence, becoming major considerations for
their way of living.
In relation to this, a
well-defined gender system is implemented in Japan. Men and women are expected to play different roles
based on society’s standard. In a study
by Ms. Kitamura Yuko entitled, Gender Equality Dilemma in Japanese Society: How
Traditional Idea s Affect both Women and Men, she explained that;
In a nutshell, men assume an assertive role
in daily activities while women are more involved in child care” (http://www.bunkyo.ac.jp/faculty/lib/slib/kiyo/Int/it1901/it190105.pdf).
This is a direct evidence of the existing strong patriarchal system in their society.I have come across an
article by Ms. Bell Hooks entitled, Understanding Patriarchy. Ms. Hooks said that;
Patriarchy is a political-social system that insists that males are
inherently dominating, superior to everything and everyone deemed weak,
especially females, and endowed with the right to dominate and rule over the
weak and to maintain that dominance through various forms of psychological
terrorism and violence (http://imaginenoborders.org/pdf/zines/UnderstandingPatriarchy.pdf).
Patriarchal system is prevalent in almost all
aspects of Japanese society – family, community, work, etc. Ms. Meiko Makita in her study, Gender Roles
and Social Policy in an Ageing Society: The Case of Japan further discussed
that;
Traditionally, Japanese women have been encouraged and expected to take on care responsibilities, whilst men fulfil their role as breadwinners and providers of the needs of the family to ensure that the wellness of all (http://www.ep.liu.se/ej/ijal/2010/v5/i1/a04/ijal10v5i1a04.pdf). Such gender roles exist in Japan. Furthermore, this is an affirmation of how Japanese men and women still locate themselves in the household setup, at the least.
But in the present time,
this patriarchal system is challenged by the emergence of the gender group
labelled as, “Herbivore Men” or “sôshokukei danshi” in Japanese language. I have encountered a paper by Ms. Christina
Akiko Tamaru entitled, The Herbivorous Men of Japan: Negotiating New
Masculinities. In her paper, Ms. Tamaru
explained that;
The herbivore men consist of young, heterosexual guys who are in their
20s-30s and choose not to commit in any intimate or sexual relationships with
the opposite sex. They focus more on recreational
and leisure activities and devote more time on their hobbies instead of
interacting with the opposite sex (https://dspace.lasrworks.org/bitstream/handle/10349/1172/Tamaru_CA.pdf?sequence=1).
These herbivores
deviate from the traditional Japanese males, who are, by virtue, upholding the
salarymen stature. Further, Ms. Emma
Furbo Vig in her study, The Herbivore and the Salaryman: New and Old
Masculinities in Japanese Idol Productions explained that;
This type of man is not interested in women
and sex and does not wish to step in as a salaryman in the Japanese business
life, but would rather live a hedonistic life of consumption and focus on his
own hobbies and other activities he deems important(http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=3358333&fileOId=3358341).
Now Mr. Masahiro
Morioka’s research entitled, A Phenomenological Study of Herbivore Men provided
a thorough account of these herbivores.
His research focused on understanding the difference of this new breed
of males to traditional Japanese men.
According to Mr. Morioka;
From
2008 to 2009 the phrase herbivore men was widely taken up by the mass media and
in the process its meaning was extended (http://www.academia.edu/4683156/A_Phenomenological_Study_of_Herbivore_Men_).
In his study, he also listed the general
characteristics that surfaced among his participants (herbivore men).
These traits are in
direct contrast to the traditional characteristics possessed by Japanese males. Masculinity in Japan runs deep to its
historical roots. Most Japanese men
still believe that their primary familial role is to provide economic support; thus,
they do not pay too much attention to their responsibility of participating in
childcare.
Moreover, Ms. Kitamura
Yuko explained in her study, Gender Equality Dilemma in Japanese Society: How
Traditional Idea s Affect both Women and Men that;
A number of Japanese fathers ensure their masculinity at home and
indulge less in housework because they are overworked at their jobs, which are
the usual characteristics of salaryman (http://www.bunkyo.ac.jp/faculty/lib/slib/kiyo/Int/it1901/it190105.pdf).
Given the current
condition that herbivore men face in Japan, more and more scholars have become,
and are still are, interested in conducting various studies related to this
gender group. These conducted researches
focused on the psychological aspect of these herbivores in order to fully
understand their cognitive stance. Some
of these researches centered on historical data to compare traditional Japanese
and herbivore men. However, other factors that resulted in the
transformation or shift in gender identity of Japanese males may have been
insufficiently considered, if not overlooked.
In this regard, this
study will attempt to explain this transformation with consideration to the
economic, social, and psychological areas of Japanese society. This research will also identify the
different factors present in the mentioned areas that greatly influenced the
said transformation.
B.
Statement of the Problem
What Factors caused the
transformation that resulted in Herbivore Men?
C.
Significance of the Study
Researchers, Scholars, and Academic Practitioners. This study
will be useful as reference to future researches done in the academe regarding
gender roles. Knowledge derived from
this paper may serve as foundation in the pursuit of understanding about Japan’s
Herbivore Men. Aside from this, this
research will contribute to the existing body of knowledge in relation to
understanding gender and sexuality, in particular.
Lawmakers and Law Enforcers. In essence,
findings of this research may serve as basis for some lawmakers in drawing up
gender-sensitive rules and regulations intended to promote individual welfare
and development. Parallel to this, this
research may also be used as a reference for law enforcers to implement these
rules and regulations with utmost understanding of gender and sexuality; hence,
ensuring fairness and upholding justice.
Media Practitioners.
In general, result of
this paper may influence media practitioners in how they portray men and women,
may it be in radio, TV, print, or social media.
In this regard, this study may be utilized to design a more
gender-sensitive approach in media, as a whole.
D.
Scope and Delimitation
This research only
focused on the economic, gender, and social factors that resolved in the
transformation of gender identity in herbivore men. Other factors, such as political influences,
among other related variables were not looked at in this research.
The study also focused
on herbivore men alone. Other breeds of
men, in the present time, were not studied due to the concentration of the
paper’s overall theme.
Because of time
constraints, only internet-based resources have been used as reference in this
paper. Bulk of these references came
from Japanese scholars with only a handful of western studies included. Moreover, no interviews with actual members
of sôshokukei
danshi were
employed.
Furthermore, the
research was not actually conducted due to the purpose to which this paper is
intended for; hence, no research methodology is proposed.
E.
Definition of Terms
1.
Herbivore Men
– A type of man who is not interested in women and sex and does not wish to
step in as a salaryman in the Japanese business life, but would rather live a
hedonistic life of consumption and focus on his own hobbies.
2. Sôshokukei danshi – The Japanese translation of Herbivore Men.
3.
Salaryman – A symbol of the ubiquitous everyman, the
kigyo senshi or corporate warrior, without whom the post-World War II economic
miracle would not have been possible, and who was (and still is) both the
beneficiary and the victim of its fallouts.
4.
Gender Identity
– Refers to “one’s sense of oneself as male, female, or transgender.
5.
Transformation – The
various factors/ aspects that this research utilized to explain the
transformation that resulted to the emergence of herbivore men. This also encompasses the various aspects of
the society that the researcher looked into in order to explain the relevance
of the herbivore men in Japanese society.
·
The Economic status – Variables in Japan’s economic system, such as purchasing
power and employment, which were observed in this paper.
·
Women’s Influence – Variables present in Japanese females that were
deemed influential to the emergence of herbivore men.
·
Japanese Society – Variables in Japan’s social structure, such as
family, peers, and media that were looked observed in this paper.
Chapter 2
DISCUSSION
What
factors caused the transformation that resulted in Herbivore Men?
I. The Japanese Herbivore Men
The
sôshokukei danshi or herbivore men
are a group of young Japanese males who, in general, deviate from the traditional
standard of masculinity in Japan. These herbivore
men claim to be heterosexual despite the fact that they do not engage in
neither intimate nor sexual relationships with women. Instead, these males focus on their hobbies
and other leisure activities, such as video games, fashion, manga, etc. which
in turn, changes their perspective and obedience in following the strict gender
roles in Japan – men are seen as carnivores (aggressive) while women as
herbivores (passive). Moreover, Japanese
men follows the strict salaryman culture, which identifies their duties and
responsibilities in the society; thus, dictating how one must act.
And
although the emergence of the sôshokukei
danshi definitely posed great threat to Japanese masculinity, some social
groups have viewed their existence as an added-value to the ever-changing
time. For them, these herbivores offered
an alternative into the stiff social structure of Japan. Not only that, some also considered the sôshokukei danshi as the new beta males
of Japan, which may be brought about by external factors no longer controlled
by the Japanese. In this regard, this
section will provide a thorough discussion with the various positive benefits
that the herbivore men provide to their society.
II. The Herbivores’ Significance
A.
The
Economic Status
One factor that may have led to the
transformation of herbivore men is Japan’s economic status. In Japan, males are perceived as more
important and representing compared to women, in terms of labor force. The salaryman system has been the standard
practice among men since this structure played a vital role in reviving Japan’s
struggling economy.
Ms. Aulia Dwi Nastiti’s paper entitled, Redefining
the Concept of Counter Culture: Study Case of Soushokukei Danshii provided more
inputs to how herbivore men feel about the salaryman structure. According to her;
Result of some studies revealed that herbivore men are trying to refuse
the conservative views in some aspects.
Soshokukei danshii show their dislike toward the salary-man routines
with overtime works and hierarchical occupation as fundamentally unsatisfying,
as simply a doorway to a monotonous life of small rewards, so they prefer
part-time jobs while pursuing and not compromising their passions, dreams, and
aspirations (http://www.academia.edu/7185200/Redefining_the_Concept_of_Counter_Culture_Study_Case_of_Soushoku_Danshii_Final_Paper_in_Counter_Culture_and_Arts_Course_). In a nutshell, this affirmation simply
explains why herbivore men came to be.
In Japan, the purchasing power has been
greatly attributed to the female force.
Most women are expected to be housewives. And part of their activities includes grocery
shopping and buying the needs of their children at school. Aside from this, women are also beauty
conscious. This means that health and
beauty products are commodities deemed as both a need and want for them. But with the emergence of the herbivore men,
the trend differed.
I have come across an article by Mr.
Brian Solsberg entitled, The New Japanese Consumer. In this article, Mr. Solsberg pointed out
that;
After decades of behaving
differently, Japanese consumers suddenly look a lot like their counterparts in
Europe and the United States. Japanese
consumers are changing not only what they buy but also the manner on how they
buy it. They also prefer to spend time
in malls (http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/consumer_and_retail/the_new_japanese_consumer).
This may be anxiety-driven due to the fact
that Japan is in an economic downturn.
In addition, Japanese are devoting more time at work compared at home
which may decrease their time for other activities.Now in a study by Mr. Kyojiro Kagenuma
entitled, Grass Fed 2: Herbivore Men and Japan’s Troubling Economy, he
discussed that;
The
average Herbivore man can earn 6 million Yen annually; after income tax, this
would yield 3.6 million Yen or $36,000 net, which amounts to 300,000 Yen or
$3000 monthly. Deduct monthly cost of
living at the outskirts of Tokyo, which is 120,000 Yen, the Herbivore Man will
still have a disposable income of 180,000 Yen, or $1800 - about 5 times more
disposable income than if he was married (http://mgtow.forumotion.com/t137-grass-fed-2-herbivore-men-and-japan-s-troubling-economy).
In simple terms, this means that these
herbivores are more capable than traditional men in terms of purchasing
power. Since the herbivore men also
prioritize health and wellness, as they are very conscious with the way they
look, beauty products intended for men’s use are a booming commodity in
Japan. And based on Mr. Solsberg
article, he furthered stated that;
The
emergence of a new generation with radically different attitudes is another
reason for the change in market priorities among companies and suppliers (http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/consumer_and_retail/the_new_japanese_consumer).
In support of this, Mr. Kagenuma still
in his study, Grass Fed 2: Herbivore Men and Japan’s Troubling Economy, further
explained that;
In
fact, though Japan's marketplace has traditionally catered to women, the
Herbivore men are becoming a growing consumer market in Japan with many
products that are specifically designed for them. If this trend continues, then we should see a
shift in purchasing power from women to men.
What this would do is create new products and services that are uniquely
male-oriented, just as video games had been uniquely male for the best part of
30 years (http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/consumer_and_retail/the_new_japanese_consumer)
Now if this trend continues, then the sôshokukei danshi will not just change
how commercial companies think, but may also create economic opportunities for
people along the process. A simple
economic logic: if the demand over a certain good or service increases, then
the supply should increase as well. To
do so, companies will have to increase production, which means requiring more
man-power that will most likely lead to employment. The herbivore men have truly become major
players as consumers and in the process; help sustain the harmonious economic
balance of their country.
B.
Women’s
Influence
Another reason for the herbivores
emergence may be attributed to the opposite sex females.It could be said that men are not only the
ones who have undergone transformation.
Just like the males, Japanese women also reacted to the reversal of
roles in their society. Since herbivore
men tend to act as passive, women transform into becoming the aggressive
ones. This paved way and opened a new
dimension to the female species as well.
Moreover, this change brought positive change into the way women live
and feel.
I have come across an article by Prof.
Jhana Bach entitled, From Boxed-In Daughters to Carnivore Women: Using Gender
Metaphors in the Classroom. In this
article, Prof. Bach discussed that;
The
shift in masculinity made famous by grass-eating men seems to have given rise
to a corresponding shift in femininity, engendering carnivore females, women
who are straightforward about getting what they want (http://www.academia.edu/2264598/From_Boxed-In_Daughters_to_Carnivore_
Women_Using_Gender_Metaphors_in_the_Classroom).
This implies that Japanese women have become
assertive in their own way, veering away from tradition like the herbivore men;
hence, becoming carnivore women.Prof. Bach also mentioned that;
A carnivore woman pursues whatever she wants
like a predator, whether it is sex or career success. Carnivorous women are
looked upon as 99.9% undesirable. These
ladies are interested in relationships, and are pro-active enough to go out and
seek them even without the approval of other people (http://www.academia.edu/2264598/From_Boxed-In_Daughters_to_Carnivore_
Women_Using_Gender_Metaphors_in_the_Classroom).
With this description, it can be said that
the traits of the conventional Japanese males and females have indeed reversed. However, unlike the case of the herbivores,
changes in Japanese women may have been considered positive in their country. Women are now empowered to make informed
decisions, which in turn promote gender equality in Japan’s society.
Now emergence of carnivore women should
not \solely be blamed to the herbivores, and vice-versa. Bear in mind that there is a mutual influence
of one gender group to the other that led to said transformation.
C.
Japanese
Society
The last culprit for the emergence of
herbivore men is none other than the society itself. Unlike other Asian countries, Japan’s
society, which integrates culture and tradition, has a high regards to the
various norms and mores established since time immemorial. In reality, these traditions are strictly
observed and practiced even in the present time. Moreover, these standards have become the
guide for the Japanese daily-to-day activities.
I have come across Mr. Meiko Makita’s
study entitled, Gender Roles and Social Policy in an Ageing Society: The Case
of Japan. According to Mr. Makita;
Traditionally, Japanese women have been
encouraged and expected to take on care responsibilities, whilst men fulfill
their role as breadwinners in the family (http://www.ep.liu.se/ej/ijal/2010/v5/i1/a04/ijal10v5i1a04.pdf). In a way, this stiff statement could be the
main reason why herbivore men came to be.ss
The salaryman structure, as discussed
above, may also be another social factor that greatly influenced the herbivore
men. Since salaryman is a dominant power
player in the Japanese society, there would always come a time that a certain
external or internal force may challenge this.
In a study by Ms. Nastiti entitled, Redefining the Concept of
Counter-culture: Study Case of Soushoku Danshi Culture in Japanese Contemporary
Society, she thoroughly explained that;
Counter-culture
appeared to be the way to mark an oppositional position to a dominant power. A
countercultural movement is indicated by the expression of ethos, aspirations,
and dreams of a specific population during a well-defined era as mode of
resistance to social control exercised by the superior(http://www.academia.edu/7185200/Redefining_the_Concept_of_Counter_Culture_Study_Case_of_Soushoku_Danshii_Final_Paper_in_Counter_Culture_and_Arts_Course_).
With this kind of description, it could be said that
the existence of the herbivore men is an indirect way of Japanese males to
counter the prevalent and dominant salaryman.
Moreover, an article by Mr.Kyojiro Kagenuma entitled, Grass
Fed – An Explanation of Herbivore Culture is in direct support to Ms. Nastiti’s
claim. Mr. Kagenuma stated that;
The Herbivore Men is a culture that rejects
traditional Japanese way of life in favour of individual happiness instead
(http://www.goingyourownway.com/content.php?r=118-Grass-Fed-Herbivore-Men).
In a way, society is really the dictating factor
with regard to the emergence of the herbivore men. Society incorporates both the inside and
outside factors that may have been key to the said transformation.
The sôshokukei
danshi is a unique gender group that may have been overly
discriminated. Deviation from social
roles may be a form of social suicide but certainly does not equate to negligence
whatsoever. And although herbivore men
are in direct contrast to what traditional Japanese men stand for, their
existence is vital to their changing society.
III.Conclusion
In
a nutshell the three factors mentioned above are the dominant areas which
truly affected and resulted to the transformation of herbivore men. However, it should be noted that these are
not the only factors that one must consider in dealing with this unique sex
group.
Findings of this research showed that the
Japanese salaryman system had aa huge impact as to why sôshokukei danshi came
to be. The deviation from this social
structure was seen as a form of alternative for the herbivore men to truly
express themselves. In turn, they were
able to focus their attention to other things, such as purchasing and shopping,
among other economic activities which made them one of the growing consumers in
the market.
Results of this paper clearly showed how the
female sex group impacted the emergence of the herbivore men. The mutual influence of these two groups with
one another, in the changing time, played an important role in the reformation
of ideologies and practice in Japan.
Furthermore, this research had noted that emergence of the empowered
Japanese women should not be genuinely attributed to the herbivore men, and
vice-versa.
The findings of this research also discovered
that Japanese society itself could be considered as the main culprit for the
transformation that resulted in sôshokukei danshi. The strict culture and tradition of Japan may
have been the pivotal factor as to why Japanese men opt to find alternative way
of living. Moreover, this research also
recognized that external factors beyond the control of the Japanese society may
have also triggered and influence the transformation among herbivore men.
Chapter 3
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY
This paper attempted to determine
the factors which caused the transformation that resulted in Herbivore
Men. This research employed a
descriptive analysis in order to resurface relevant information and data
regarding the Sôshokukei danshi. Through this, the researcher was able to
answer the research question. The
findings of this study are the following:
1.
Japan’s overall
economic status was seen as a major factor for the emergence of the herbivore
men. The salaryman system among Japanese
males was identified as a pivotal aspect to the herbivore’s choice of
living. Moreover, it was noted that this
unique gender group (herbivore men) is becoming a power player in commercial
markets; thus, concretizing their role in Japan’s economy.
2.
Herbivore men were
also influenced by the opposite sex. The
reversal of roles paved way to choice, which then led to the assertiveness of
women with regard to what they want. And
with this, the choice of men veered away from tradition. They also pursued what they think is best for
them.
3.
The strong and
strict culture and tradition of Japan is the ultimate factor for the
transformation/ emergence of the herbivore men.
Herbivore men deviate from the gender roles because of internal and
external aspects beyond the control of their society. It could even be said that herbivore men rejects
traditional Japanese way to make way for their own happiness.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings of the study,
the following conclusions are made:
1.
The factors
which influenced the existence of herbivore men are attributed to economy,
gender, and society. These three (3)
areas are all interconnected and compliment one another as determinants to the
way herbivore men make choices, acts in the society, and live in general.
2.
In understanding
herbivore men, it is important to understand that they reject and resist
Japanese tradition, most especially the salaryman system. In this way, one will readily know that
herbivore men are different, in almost all aspects (e.g., masculinity), from
conventional men.
RECOMMENDATIONS
After drawing the conclusions of
the study, the researcher makes the following suggestions/ recommendations:
1.
Since the
research only looked at economic, gender, and social factors in understanding
the emergence of the herbivore men, it is strongly encouraged to look at other
areas, such as politics, in studying this unique gender group.
2.
The study was
very descriptive in nature; therefore, the researcher recommends utilizing
other forms of analysis in studying the herbivore men. A good way would be to compare other gender
groups, within or outside the Japanese context, to the sôshokukei danshi.
3.
Since time is an
essential factor in research, the researcher suggests allotting more time to
prepare the study. In addition, the
study would be more comprehensive if actual conduct was done, such as in-depth
interviews to members of this gender group.
4.
In terms of
resources, the researcher recommends using other form of reference materials
(e.g., books, journal articles, etc.) to cull more credible information with
regard to the topic being studied.
REFERENCES
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J. (2011). From Boxed-In Daughters to
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Dasgupta,
R. (2000). Performing Masculinities? The
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B. (nd). Understanding Patriarchy.
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